History of anti-mafia movement
Design by Alessandra Zarcone
for the course of history
degree in Humanities Computing
University of Pisa
The beam is composed of workers of every art and craft, of both sexes and every age, provided that they prove to live with the fruit of their work and the dependence of the capitalist masters, etc.. It is not considered
worker who has under his addiction one or more workers.
Art 4 of the Statute of the fascia of Catania, 1891
mafia in that sense? At the end of the 800
the best interests of the mafia are the accumulation of capital (mafia entrepreneur, urban), the control of the labor force (remember the figure of gabelloti, a true mafia intermediary between the owner landowner and laborer) and the domination of the country (through the system of extortion).
In this first phase, the protagonist antimafia is therefore the trade union and political movement: the Fasci Siciliani are considered "the first example of organized struggle against the Mafia" (Santino, 2000). Their struggle is configured as an attempt to reform of labor relations: it is therefore clear from the outset as they are an unwelcome phenomenon for landowners and the mafia (big criminals are among the more excluded from participation in tow). As a result (and proof) that, their work is cut off for the joint action of the mafia and institutions.
the context
The last years of the nineteenth century are characterized a great economic crisis, widespread in Europe. The Great Depression in Italy is manifested primarily as agricultural crisis, particularly in Sicily occur the disastrous effects of protectionism and the climatic conditions on the economy on the island. This is a real crisis capitalist production
But the recession had now own the characters, not of ancient memory of the famine, but of the capitalist crisis. Along with bread to eat, there was no money to pay taxes, and no one knew how to meet their obligations with different providers. The shortage, however, did not affect equally all classes, but only or mostly popular ones, which had few resources or they had none at all. The leases were arranged so that the effects of the recession were not proportionally distributed among income, capital and labor. (Renda, 1977)
were the years of the encyclical Rerum Novarum (May 1881) of Pope Leo XIII, who inaugurated the Catholic social movement, and the birth of the PSI (August 1892). In Sicily
survive the ex-feudal estates, marked by unequal terms such as sharecropping Sicilian (or metateria) and terraggio. In the countryside prevails associations uneven, and largely subordinate to the bosses, typical of the mutual aid societies (moderate, pro-government or Catholic-inspired).
The vast majority of workers and the so-called jurnatara (laborers with starvation wages, working from dawn to dusk). The jurnatara work the lands of large tenants (the gabelloti, which replaced the absentee landlords and had at their service a large group of watchmen). Each laborer burdened rights: the right to put to the priest, the right to scrap, and the infamous law of macaroni, which was paid to the field in exchange for "protection": the charge has become feudal extortion, lace (from "lights Vagnari 'Pizzu u "the beak is wet [on the plate of others]).
organization
The composition and the inspiration of the beams are highly heterogeneous. They were part of the Fasci
farm laborers, industrial workers, sulfur miners, artisans, petty bourgeois and a considerable percentage of women and children.
Most bundles are socialist orientation, and members of social groups would like to distance themselves from anarchism. However, it must also mention a small minority of direct beam and organized by people affected with the Mafia (or who were following: Remember Vito Cascio Ferro, the head of the beam Bisacquino).
bundles are based on self and try to give an organized network to obtain an alternative control of the territory. Instruments of this control, a "police" inside the beam (with informative) and a "Commission of brothers" (with moralizing function, to monitor the "brothers" because they do not drink and do not let themselves get into fights and arguments).
stages
deployment (1 May 1891-22 May 1893)
This phase marks the transition from welfare and mutual aid societies in the first tow. The movement spread initially in the eastern part of the island, and spread throughout Sicily after the formation of the beam of Palermo, June 29, 1892. We list the highlights:
- May 1, 1891 - the beam is formed
Catania - June 29, 1892 - the beam is made up of Palermo, led by Rosario Garibaldi Bosco and model of the Paris Chamber of Labour
- end 1892 - us Bundles are in all capitals (except Caltanissetta)
- January 20, 1893 - Massacre Caltavuturo (PA): Soldiers and police fired without warning on a crowd of 500 farmers in return for a symbolic occupation of lands owned property (13 deaths). Expressions of solidarity on the part of the beams and at national level (in Caltavuturo there was still a bundle)
- 21-22 May 1893 - Congress of Palermo with 500 delegates from nearly 90 Sheaves and social circles. He was elected the Central Committee, composed of nine members: James Montalto for the province of Trapani, Nicholas Petrina for the province of Messina, Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida for the province of Catania, Luigi Leone for the province of Siracusa, Antonio Licata the province of Girgenti, Augustine The plan for the province of Caltanissetta, Rosario Garibaldi Bosco, Nicola Barbato Bernardino Verro, and for the province of Palermo
phase of the strike and the agricultural terms of Corleone (May 1893 - December 1893) In this
stage it is clear how the beams are planned a rebellion against the domination of the landowners. The members of the Fasci show great maturity to withstand the provocations of the institutions and the easy advantages offered by the owners to stop the protest. Giolitti's government is not for the hard line: this, together with the scandal of the Banca Romana, he loses the support of the landowners.
- July 31, 1893 - pacts Corleone: 50,000 people participating according to the press, probably many more, double or triple (Rendon 1977). Main objective: the abolition terraggio, we reserve the right to have recourse to strike in case of refusal on the main
- August 7, 1893 - Stop> Boar and James Luciano (President of the beam Palazzo Adriano). Blaze strikes
- August to November 1893 - strike agrarian, socialist direction. The eastern provinces, in disagreement with the terms of Corleone, not participating
- October 1893 - Congress Caves mining: part of 1500. Requests: minimum age for working in the mines increased to 14 years, the abolition of trucksystem, reduction of working time, minimum wage
3 pounds - 24 November 1893 - the government Giolitti resigns, succeeded by the government Crispi, following the path of military intervention to stop the movement of the beams. Start a new Bronte.
final phase (December 1893 - January 1894)
The Crispi government begins to take a hard line. Gen. Robert Morris was appointed Special Commissioner of Lavriano with full civil and military powers. He shoots into the crowd, the leaders are arrested, the organization of the bundles can not impose its control to prevent phenomena of spontaneity and degeneration of the protest against the assaults of the municipalities (often due to agitators infiltrated among the demonstrators - crf. Romano 1959), the sentences are carried out by war tribunals.
- December / January - demonstrations against the municipal tax (December 10, Giardinello (PA), 11 dead - 25 December, Lerch (PA), 12 dead - January 1, Pietraperzia (EN), 8 dead - January 2, Gibellina (TP), 20 deaths, and Belmonte (PA), 2 dead - January 3, Marineo (PA), 18 dead - January 5, Santa Caterina Villarmosa (CL), 14 deaths) - to fire on demonstrators, the soldiers sent Crispi keepers and mafiosi
- January 3, 1894 - Crispi declared a state of siege in Sicily, General Morra Lavriano issues the decree of dissolution of the bundles, you have the arrest of the leaders - of the central committee meets in tow Palermo, an appeal shall be taken, to be published only in the morning, games concluded
- January 4, 1894 - were arrested De Felice, Petrina, Montalto
- January 16, 1894 - were arrested Woods, Barbato, Verro
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